This system is commonly referred to as a multi-media filter or sand filter. The filtration medium consists of stratified quartz sand layers with varying particle sizes, where larger-diameter media are typically placed at the top of the filter. Water flows downward through progressively finer media layers.
Normally, the porosity of the media bed should enable the removal of particles as small as 10–40 μm. The primary function of the media bed is to filter out large particles, suspended solids, colloids, and sediment from the raw water, thereby reducing turbidity and its impact on the membrane system while lowering the SDI (Silt Density Index). The effluent quality should meet the following standards: turbidity <1 NTU and SDI <5, fulfilling the feedwater requirements for reverse osmosis systems.